A standard method of reconstructing the structure of a protein in its crystalline phase is by x-ray diffraction. New generation x-ray sources, the X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), provide novel opportunities for biomolecular structure determination. [...]

In this thesis, nonperturbative pair creation from the quantum field theoretic ground state in the presence of strong macroscopic gauge fields is studied. Employing different approaches such as the string inspired worldline formalism, the worldline instanton method, semiclassical WKB techniques as well as quantum kinetic theory, we investigate various aspects of this so-called Schwinger effect. [...]

Magnetic bunch compression is used to produce the high-brightness electron bunches needed for the operation of a free-electron laser. A longitudinal energy chirp -- imprinted on the bunch via off-crest acceleration -- results in the compression of the bunch in a subsequent dispersive section of the accelerator in form of a magnetic chicane.Such a setup sets the stage for the self-interaction of charge-density in homogeneities via the space-charge fields they generate within the bunch.This can potentially lead to an enhancement of initially present charge-densitymodulations; an effect known as microbunching amplification.Numerical simulation of this dynamics is encumbered by the fact that phase-space densities of electron bunches encountered at free-electron lasers typically exhibit an ``exotic'' structure, as they form a thin, hair-like bandmeandering through phase-space.In this thesis, a Vlasov-simulation approach based on tree domain-decomposition is presented, that allows for the efficient simulation of these phase-space densities despite their exoticness.Further, a beam-dynamics model is presented, which most notably enables the time-discrete treatment of collective space-charge effects in drift regions of the accelerator.Based on this model an arbitrary-order perturbation theory for the microbunching gain in a bunch-compressor is conceived and applied to the case of a long bunch with monochromatic density modulation.Finally, the results from theory and simulation are compared as part of thebenchmarking of the simulation code..

Magnetite is a material used for catalysts in some of today’s most important industrial processes,the Haber-Bosch and Fischer-Tropsch processes. It has raised attention due to its catalyticbehaviour in the water-gas shift reaction, its potential use in spintronic devices and hierarchicalmaterials. [...]

The highly brilliant, short and coherent pulses produced by X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) opened up a unique opportunity to image small objects in nature, such as protein macromolecules, clusters, viruses and nanoparticles with nearly atomic spatial resolution, and their dynamic processes can be probed with femtosecond temporal resolution. Single-particle imaging (SPI) is a coherent diffraction imaging technique at XFELs that consists of directing a stream of randomly oriented isolated bio-particles across the focus of the X-ray beam to construct high-resolution 3D structure from diffraction patterns of multiple identical particles. [...]

Vector boson scattering (VBS) is considered a well-motivated target in the search for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Setting stringent limits on BSM physics inthe Higgs and electroweak sector requires precision measurements of VBS. [...]

This thesis presents the study of the time development of hadronic showers in a highly granular hadron calorimeter using data collected by the CALICE Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) technological prototype at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN in July 2015 in μ−, e− and hadron beams up to 90 GeV.Highly granular calorimeters are designed for the concept of Particle Flow Algorithm which aims to mea- sure each individual particle in a jet using the best sub-detector measurement. The Particle Flow approach is a key aspect of the detectors for the International Linear Collider (ILC) which is a future linear lepton collider designed for precision physics studies at a center of mass energy up to 500 GeV.The CALICE Collaboration is developing highly granular calorimeters for future colliders. [...]

Thomson scattering, or inverse Compton scattering, is a technique holding the potentialfor the generation of X-radiation of high brilliance on the basis of the photon emission byrelativistic electrons in optical laser fields. When combined with laser-plasma accelerators,purely laser-driven X-ray sources can be realised on a small scale compared to conventionalaccelerator-based sources. [...]

Today, cardiovascular disease remains the foremost cause of death worldwide. Morethan 70% of all cardiovascular diseases are due to dysfunction of the coronary arter-ies, which fail to supply sufficient oxygen to the heart. [...]

The ILC is a planned linear collider, designed to provide polarized electrons and positronsat energies higher than 250 GeV, possibly up to 1TeV, never before reached at a leptoncollider. At the interaction point there will be two detectors, which will perform highprecision measurement at those energies [...]

Mode-locked lasers can provide a stable source of optical pulses with intrinsically low timing jitter, and as such have a broad range of important applications, both as sources of low-noise microwave signals and as the key enabling technology for optical frequency combs. Integrating such laser systems onto a chip using silicon photonics will dramatically reduce size and cost, thus increasing the accessibility of this technology for widespread deployment. [...]

High-precision and low noise time transfer between a master clock and slave sources has become essential for numerous scientific applications in the latest decades. This is, from the comparison of different optical clocks around the world, to high sensitivity imaging of astronomical objects using multi-telescope arrays and to next generation photon science facilities such as X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). [...]

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a planned electron-positron collider, which will enable high precision measurements of Standard Model (SM) observables, as well as direct searches for new particles beyond the SM. Particle Flow (PFlow) is a key concept for reaching the required level of precision at the ILC; one of its main aspects is that the energy of each particle should be determined in the optimal detector sub-component.The International Large Detector (ILD) is one of the two detector concepts proposed at the ILC. [...]

Non-perturbative aspects of N = 2 supersymmetric field theories of class S are deeply encoded in the algebra of functions on moduli spaces M-flat of flat SL(N)-connections on Riemann surfaces. Expectation values of Wilson and ’t Hooft supersymmetric line operators are related to holonomies of flat connections, while expectation values of line operators in the low energy effective theory are related to Fock-Goncharov coordinates on M-flat. [...]

A measurement of the double differential cross section for inclusive $b$ jet production in proton-proton collisions as well as fraction of $b$ jets in the inclusive jet production is presented as a function of the transverse momentum $p_T$ and the absolute rapidity $|y|$.The data samples were collected in the CMS experiment at LHC during 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of $35.2\,\text{fb}^{-1}$ at a centre-of-mass energy of $13\,\text{TeV}$.The jets are selected with $p_T > 74\,\text{GeV}$ and $|y| < 2.4$; the $b$ jets must contain a $B$ hadron.The measurement has significant statistics up to $p_T \sim \mathcal{O}(\text{TeV})$.Advanced methods of unfolding are performed to extract the signal.It is found that fixed-order calculations with underlying event describe the measurement well..

The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop sensing platforms for the detection of nucleic acids has gained momentum for the past decade. This is due to unique physical properties of AuNPs, such as intense optical modulation, coupled to the possibility of tailoring their reactivity through surface modification [...]

Rotationally cooled molecules offer versatile applications. However, many of thoseexperiments rely on a knowledge about the occupation of rotational states $g_J$ withdistinct rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J in the molecular probe. [...]

The International Linear Collider ILC is a planned linear e+ e− collider. With a well defined initial state, it would allow for high-precision measurements for various physics studies. [...]

The prospect to harness the wide range of electronic phenomena foundin transition metal oxides by synthesizing thin film structures andtheir implementation into next-generation technologies has sparked aresearch activity of ever increasing pace. Most prominent are thin filmtechniques such as heterostructuring and strain engineering, whichhave been shown to open up new paths to study the rich physics inthese compounds.This work constitutes a study of the thin film synthesis of the lay-ered orthorhombic transition metal oxide compound Ca$_2$RuO$_4$(CRO)and of the impact of biaxial epitaxial strain on the magnetic and or-bital ordering phenomena previously found by spectroscopic methods.The electronic structure of CRO and other transition metal oxideswith4d-valence electrons is of significant topical interest, because theenergy scales of spin-orbit-coupling, exchange energy and crystal fieldare comparable. [...]

In this work fundamental nonlinear dynamics inside the neon atom are studied in two respects: At first, correlations between electronic inner-shell excitations in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range are probed on their natural sub-femtosecond time scale. To this end, the concept of attosecond transient absorption with a high-harmonic generated (HHG) attosecond and a single time-delayed moderately strong near-infrared (NIR) pulse was extended by a third, perturbative NIR pulse to perform time resolved four-wave-mixing spectroscopy [...]

Diagnostics and control of the electron beam parameters in order to provide stable and reproducible experimental conditions for the photon users are a crucial part of operating a free-electron laser. For the beam-based longitudinal feedback at FLASH and the European XFEL, three monitor types are discussed: bunch arrival time monitor (BAM), bunch compression monitor (BCM) and synchrotron radiation monitor (SRM). [...]

Diese Arbeit stellt eine Messung des $W^+ W^−$ Produktionswirkungsquerschnitts in pp Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktenergie von $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV vor. Der verwendete Datensatz wurde mit dem ATLAS Detektor im Jahr 2015 aufgezeichnet und entspricht einer integrierten Luminosität von 3,16 fb$^{-1}$ [...]

In this thesis, a measurement of inclusive jet production is presented as a function of thetransverse momentum pT and the absolute rapidity |y| of jets. The data was recorded inthe CMS experiment at LHC during 2016 and corresponds to 35 fb−1 at the center-ofmassenergy of 13 TeV. [...]

Non-supersymmetric Grand Unified $SO(10)\times U(1)_{\rm PQ}$ models have all the ingredients to solve several fundamental problems of particle physics and cosmology -- neutrino masses and mixing, baryogenesis, the non-observation of strong CP violation, dark matter, inflation -- in one stroke. The axion -- the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson arising from the spontaneous breaking of the $U(1)_{\rm PQ}$ Peccei-Quinn symmetry -- is the prime dark matter candidate in this setup. [...]

Joining concepts that are traditionally used to join hybrid metal-composite structures present several limitations with regard to load transfer between the materials. The present doctoral thesis aims at introducing the Ultrasonic Joining (U-Joining), a new joining approach to produce through-the-thickness reinforced metal-composite hybrid joints that have improved out-of-plane strength. [...]

The Ni-Ti alloys have superelastic characteristics and the shape memory effect. This set of characteristics makes this alloy more and more attractive, possessing several applications as in medicine, aeronautics, among others.However, in order to change the temperature range of phase transformations in this alloy, heat treatments are carried out. [...]

Der Wunsch, die strukturellen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Materie auf der Nanoskala zu verstehen und manipulieren zu können, hat in den letzten Jahren zu einerVielzahl von Untersuchungen im Bereich der weichen Materie (engl. soft matter) geführt.In der vorliegenden Masterarbeit wird eine ionische Flüssigkeit in mit zwei verschiedenen Oberflächenverankerungen versehenen, anodisierten Aluminiumoxid (AAO)-Membranenunterschiedlicher Porengrößen, untersucht [...]

Bulk glass-forming alloy compositions are found in various noble-metal based systems. Their superior properties and their high noble metal content predestinate these alloy classes for the application as jewelry alloys [...]

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a planned electron-positron colliderwith polarised beams and centre-of-mass energies of up to 500 GeV. By performinghigh-precision measurements of Standard Model observables and searches for newparticles it can complement the potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).One of the most prominent open questions in physics is the nature of dark matter.Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are possible candidates for darkmatter, which can be searched for at colliders. [...]

The small 5 MeV linear accelerator REGAE at DESY produces ultra short and low charge electron bunches, on the one hand to resolve the excitation transitions of atoms temporally by pump-probe electron diffraction experiments and on the other hand to investigate principal mechanisms of laser plasma acceleration. In this context the external injection of the REGAE electron bunch as a probe of the generated plasma wakefield is planned. [...]

Within the scope of this work, photoionization of free silicon dioxide nanoparti-cles irradiated by different light sources was studied. The sample was preparedin a continuous beam of nanoparticles that was transferred via an aerodynamiclens into high vacuum [...]

Free-electron lasers, like the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH), provide brilliant photon pulses on a femto-second time scale. Generation of this pulses is done in a high-gain self-amplified spontaneous emission or seeded FEL process. [...]

AbstractThis thesis presents a measurement of the fiducial differential cross-section with respect to pT of Higgs boson production, using the diphoton decay channel. Theanalysis uses 20:3 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV taken with the ATLAS detector in the year 2012. [...]

DESY in Zeuthen is running a rache frequency linear accelerator which uses a electrical alternating field to accelerate electrons. The hf field is guided by waveguides and a coupler is used to inject the field into the electron source. [...]

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is currently under construction at theDeutsches ElektronenSynchrotron in Hamburg, Germany. This linear accelerator, with a length of 3.4 km,will generate extremely intense and short X-ray laser light pulses with a duration in the femtosecondrange and wavelengths down to 0.05 nm. [...]

Concepts/methods for the pulse stretching of femtosecond UV pulses were investigated in the framework of this thesis. Their suitability for an existing laser was compared and a design for the favoured method was generated and checked in simulation.The design was realized in experiment and tested with a picosecond laser system. [...]

The invention of free electron lasers (FELs) opened new opportunities for the investigation of natural phenomena. However, the operation of a FEL requires high energy, high peak current electron beams with very small transverse emittance which causes extreme requirements for the corresponding electron sources. [...]

In this work, the synthesis of ferroelectric PbZrTiO (PZT) thin films by chemical solution deposition (CSD) and their investigation by atomic pair distribution function (PDF), which is a total X-ray scattering method, are described. The PZT thin films are fabricated at different temperatures to analyse temperature-induced phase transitions. [...]

Plasma wakefields deliver accelerating fields that are approximately a 100 times higher thanthose in conventional radiofrequency or even superconducting radiofrequency cavities. Thisopens a transformative path towards novel, compact and potentially ubiquitous accelerators.These prospects, and the increasing demand for electron accelerator beamtime for various applicationsin natural, material and life sciences, motivate the research and development on novelplasma-based accelerator concepts. [...]

This thesis explores laser-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration using two different high-power,ultrashort titanium-doped sapphire lasers. The first experiment was performed at the CentralLaser Facility in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory using the petawatt class Astra GEMINIlaser, focused by an F/40 focusing optic, and a two-stage, variable-length (< 42mm) gas targetfilled with a gas mixture to generate electron beams with charge greater 100 pC and accelerateto above 1 GeV. [...]

The top quark, the heaviest fundamental particle discovered to date, is one of the most peculiar particles that were discovered so far. It plays a crucial role in consistency checks of the Standard Model and in searches for new physics, e.g., supersymmetry, composite Higgs, and many other exotic models. [...]

Recent studies show that scar-free surgery is possible with picosecondlaser pulses tuned to the strong absorption band of water in the Mid-IR. Away to generate these pulses is with an optical parametric amplifier (OPA)pumped by a picosecond infrared laser (PIRL). [...]

X-ray microscopy is a technique bridging the gap between optical and electron microscopy. It permits investigations of the structure and composition of various samples with resolutions well below 100 nm. [...]

Cells sense their environment and adhere to substrates with the help of cell surface receptors,integrins. The activity of integrins is controlled by talin, a large intracellular adaptor proteinbinding to the cytoplasmic tail of integrin. [...]

This thesis presents a search for Supersymmetry (SUSY), which is a popular extension of the Standard Model of particle physics (SM). The search is performed in proton-proton collision data in final states with jets and a large transverse momentum imbalance.The analyzed data were collected with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$. [...]

The search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics that canexplain the unsolved mysteries of the universe, such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry,is of high importance in todays research. The interaction of quarks with theHiggs boson is a candidate for such physics, possibly resulting in a new source ofCP-violation. [...]

Investigating diffusion in solid state matter has been a long-standing challenge. In recent years a new technique called atomic-scale X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (aXPCS) has emerged. [...]

In this thesis, the prospects for determining supersymmetry parameters from observationsof supersymmetric particles at the International Linear Collider (ILC) areinvestigated. Supersymmetry (SUSY) has been proposed in order to solve gaps inthe Standard Model of particle physics, among them the hierarchy problem and theunexplained dark matter content in the universe. [...]

The topic of this thesis is a new approach to solve the DGLAP evolution equation to obtain not only the collinear Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) but also the Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) PDFs (TMDs). The DGLAP equation is solved with the Parton Branching (PB) method, which allows a determination of kinematic variables at every branching and a construction of the TMDs in a large range in longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ and evolution scale $\mu^2$. [...]

As part of the reconstruction of an experiment at the synchrotron PETRA III, a new positioning system for the far field X-ray detector has been developed. With this new positioning system, the detector is now running in a high vacuum environment. [...]

Extended objects such as line or surface operators, interfaces or boundaries play an important role in conformal field theory. Here we propose a systematic approach tothe relevant conformal blocks which are argued to coincide with the wave functions of an integrable multi-particle Calogero-Sutherland problem. [...]

The generation of energetic laser pulses with durations below one optical cycle is one of the current frontiers of ultrafast optics. Such sources attract enormous attention due to the implications they hold for studying extreme light-matter interactions and to harness attosecond pulse production via high harmonic generation (HHG). [...]

Measurements of the inclusive dijet and trijet production in neutral current deep inelastic ep scattering (DIS) and the inclusive dijet photoproduction (PHP) are presented. The results are based on data from the ZEUS detector at HERA ep collider collected in 2004–2007 and corresponding to integrated luminosities of 295 and 300 inverse pb, respectively..

Plasma-based accelerators offer an approach to produce high energy and low emittance beams in cm-scales. Thus, they are of high interest for next generation light sources. [...]

The aim of this thesis was to reduce the electrical field strength at the opening of a gap between the cathode and the resonator cavity of the radio frequency electron gun of the European X-FEL. For this purpose computer simulations of the electromagnetic field inside a 3D-model of the electron gun were carried out for different edge profiles at the gap opening. [...]

Motivated by their extraordinary properties, many interdependencies between processing routes, microstructures and properties of nanostructured materials have been investigated in the past. Both top-down and bottom-up manufacturing techniques have been used to prepare unique nanostructures. [...]

Searches for physics beyond Standard Model (SM) are one of the main goals of the CMSexperiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Among the investigated theories is Supersymmetry(SUSY), which would manifest in a production of new particles. [...]

Through binding interactions with more than 300 binding partners, 14-3-3 proteins regulate large amount of biologically relevant processes, such as apoptosis, cell cycle progression, signal transduction or metabolic pathways. The research discussed in this dissertation thesis was focussed on investigating the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of two selected protein kinases ASK1 and CaMKK2 [...]

This thesis presents studies investigating the use of adhesives on the active area of silicon strip sensors for the construction of silicon strip detector modules for the ATLAS Phase-II Upgrade. 60 ATLAS07 miniature sensors were tested using three UV cure glues in comparison with the current baseline glue (a non-conductive epoxy).The impact of irradiation on the chemical composition of all adhesives under investigation was studied using three standard methods for chemical analysis: quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, gel permeability chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [...]

This thesis presents results obtained with the high granularity Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) technological prototype. It studies the structure of hadronic showers combining for the first time the time information and the energy information of each hit in the detector.High granularity is a stringent requirement for the calorimeter system of an experiment at the International Linear Collider (ILC), where the application of the Particle Flow Algorithm is foreseen to achieve an unprecedented jet energy resolution.The CALICE Collaboration is studying several technologies satisfying this requirement. [...]

The use of a hollow plasma channel in plasma-based acceleration has ben-eficial properties for the acceleration of electron and positron bunches. Inthe scope of the FLASHForward facility at DESY, the generation of sucha plasma structure is examined. [...]

Das Standardmodell (SM) der Teilchenphysik hat sich in der Praxis als vielseitige Theorie bewährt, dennoch deuten nichtverschwindende Neutrinomassen, dunkle Materie und Baryonenasymmetrie auf Physik jenseits des SM (BSM) hin. Um also ein mit den Beobachtungen konsistentes Modell zu entwickeln, ist eine umfassendere Theorie nötig. [...]

Laser technology has seen significant development since its inception in 1960. After the first experiments of nonlinear phenomena in optics, the development of the mode-locked laser has led to rapid proliferation of the study of nonlinear frequency conversion techniques-enabling the conversion of light from the infra-red, all the way to the soft X-Ray region. [...]

High-gain Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) constitute a powerful source of intense, short radiation pulses in the XUV and X-ray range that are used in a wide variety of research fields. They typically work in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) Mode. [...]

Diese Bachelorthesis umfasst eine Schwingungsanalyse der Wände der Opticalund Experimental Hutches am PETRA III. Die vorhandenen Schwingungen in denHutches werden gemessen und auf Amplituden und Frequenzen analysiert. [...]

The discovery of the Higgs boson culminates a 40-year long hunt and completes a theoretical framework under which almost all collider data can be consistently explained. At the same time, paradoxically, the confirmation of an apparent mass gap above the electroweak scale exacerbates the problem of the electroweak hierarchy [...]

Ni-Ti shape memory alloys (SMA), have interesting functional properties such as shape memory effect and superelasticity that enable their use in different segments. These functional characteristics are obtained through the thermomechanical processing (hot and cold). [...]

Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) is a novel microscopy technique that uses the unique X-ray properties of advanced synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) radiation sources. According to Abbe’s theory, the wavelength of light sets the ultimate limit of resolution in microscopes. [...]

This work presents measurements of the normalized and absolute differential top-quark pair ($t\bar{t}$) production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. [...]

Modern particle physics at colliders demands for a continuous increase of the luminosityfor colliding particle beams in order to study rare events. The requirementsfor the performance of the particle detectors are increasing while the detectors aresubject to unprecedented fluences of particles. [...]

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear electron positron collider with a center-of-mass energy of 250 GeV in its first stage. After the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in 2012, the physics goals of the ILC include the measurements of the Higgs boson properties and its interactions, but also measurements of the top quark and searches beyond the Standard Model are part of the ILC program in the different ILC stages. [...]

Tremendous effort has recently been put into the development of novel methods and techniques in the realm of serial-femtosecond x-ray crystallography (SFX) and x-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL). This thesis strives to contribute to current research approaches. [...]

Colloidal dispersions are ubiquitous in our daily life and find numerous applications in industry and science. They are in particular used as a model system to study phase transitions in soft matter systems. [...]

In this thesis, we discuss two different approaches to physics beyond the Standard Model.First, we study a model-independent Effective Field Theory formalism. In particular, wefocus on bosonic CP-even six-dimensional operators. [...]

The scattering of two vector bosons is a crucial class of processes for the electroweak theory and has only recently been observed at the Large Hadron Collider.This thesis presents detailed predictions for cross sections and differential observables at leading order for the scattering of two positively charged vector bosons at a hadron-hadron collider with a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13 \text{ TeV}$.This involves predictions at parton level as well as predictions matched to parton shower.Two cases are studied: We provide predictions for vector boson scattering derived with fixed renormalisation scale and factorisation scale and for dynamically assigned scales.All results are computed with the Monte Carlo event generator WHIZARD and are validated in the course of an international collaboration..

A search for pair produced scalar leptoquarks decaying into a top quark and a tau lepton using proton-proton collision data recorded in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb$^{-1}$ is presented. The search is performed in final states with an electron or a muon, one or two hadronically decaying tau leptons, and additional jets. [...]

A temperature-controlled sample environment was developed and verified for a Double Pulse Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (DPPCS) setup. Various polystyrene and ther-moresponsive Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide) (pNipam) samples were characterized in Dy-namic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements [...]

The purpose of this dissertation is the development of a novel, diffuse approximate meshless method in connection with the phase field formulation for solution of free and moving boundary problems. Free and moving boundary problems arise in a wide variety of scientific and technological applications. [...]

Biomolecules and their reactions are of great interest because they are important for the functions in our body and thus for health. The structure of a molecule defines its function, and in this work we demonstrate the crucial steps that will allow direct recording of structural information from large biological molecules through gas-phase x-ray di↵raction. [...]

Deciphering the three-dimensional (3d) cytoarchitecture of neuronal tissue is an important step towards understanding the connection between tissue function and structure and determining relevant changes in neurodegenerative diseases. The gold standard in pathology is histology, in which the tissue is examined under a light microscope after serial sectioning and subsequent staining. [...]

Measurements of the $Z \rightarrow \ell^+\ell^-$ production cross sections, where ` = e; , in protonprotoncollisions at ps = 13 TeV are presented using two sets of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The data sets correspond to a totalintegrated luminosity of 81 pb$^{-1}$ and 3:2 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2015 using the 50 ns and25 ns bunch spacing congurations, respectively. [...]

n theZ-boson resonance physics several precision observables, like the mass andwidth of theZ-boson and the effective weak mixing angle for leptons and bot-tom quarks are in a perfect state, where the theory uncertainty is lower than thepresent experimental uncertainty. The ambitious concepts for the future colliders,like International Linear Collider (ILC), Future Circular Collider (FCC) or Circu-lar Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC), aim for an improvement of measurementsfor the precision observables by one to two significant digits. [...]

In theZ-boson resonance physics several precision observables, like the mass and width of the Z-boson and the effective weak mixing angle for leptons and bottom quarks are in a perfect state, where the theory uncertainty is lower than the present experimental uncertainty. The ambitious concepts for the future colliders, like International Linear Collider (ILC), Future Circular Collider (FCC) or Circular Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC), aim for an improvement of measurements for the precision observables by one to two significant digits. [...]

With the recent developments of modern synchrotron and X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) light sources high speed and micrometer sized liquid jets have become one of the most important sample delivery systems. For that reason it is highly important to develop liquid jet devices compatible with micrometer X-ray beams, which are optimized for the investigation of nanostructures and the behavior of complex liquids behavior under flow.This thesis reports a detailed X-ray scattering study of a liquid jet produced by a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) system. [...]

Accelerator-based light sources are extremely useful machines for investigating matter on a microscopic level, yet their capability for time-resolved research is limited by the femtosecond-scale duration of their radiation pulses. Attosecond beams could enhance these capacities enabling the measurement of most outer shell electron dynamics in molecular and atomic systems. [...]

Die Geologie beschäftigt sich mit dem Aufbau sowie der Entwicklung der Erde von der Kruste bis zum Kern. In dieser Dissertation werden Materialien des Erdmantels untersucht. [...]

X-ray crystallography is a very powerful tool to study the structure of biological molecules such as proteins. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of such molecules aids the understanding of biological processes and as such how life works. [...]

Electron beams of high quality, e.g., low emittance, are of crucial importance for cutting-edge scientific instruments, such as x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) setups. A velocity-map-imaging spectrometer is demonstrated to characterize the normalized transverse emittance of photoemitted electron bunches. [...]

The main aim of dissertation is to develop an experimentally verified computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of micron-sized liquid jet, produced by an injection molded Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN). In these nozzles, liquid jets are efficiently orientedlytransporting mass and momentum [...]

The measurement of $Z$-boson production cross sections in $pp$ collisions at centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV is presented. Results are based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.16 fb$^{-1}$ recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2015 at the LHC operating with the 25 ns bunch spacing configuration. [...]

Nanoparticles(NPs) formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide) copolymers are potential drug carriers for solid tumor treatment. In this work, their structure and behavior are investigated in solutionsof human serum albumin (HSA) in phosphate buffered saline [...]